![]() Once they recognize what a number is and how to count, they will have taken their first baby steps into a whole category of skills that will accompany them throughout life. The most fundamental concept to teach is in the concept of numbers themselves. Your child’s early formative years in math will be shaped by the topics they’ll learn when they reach kindergarten age. These worksheets will ensure that your child has covered all the aspects he/ she is suppose to learn in kindergarten. We are offering worksheets that include everything from numbering position, ordinal number counting, drawing to count, to picture subtraction, and naming shapes. We are offering a step by step lesson guide, and we will cover the entire curriculum that is covered in kindergarten in school. As they are for kids who can be easily distracted, we have designed them in a way they will be able to hold their attention and help them learn. These worksheets were designed to keep a perfect balance between learning and having fun while doing so. All the worksheets available offer various teaching styles, and ways your child can learn while having fun. Which is exactly why we have set our worksheets in a way that they will help prepare your children from the 1st grade. Teachers in first grade expect children to be able to count to 100, they should be able to have basic comparison skills, and should be able to recognize operations. Keeping in mind that these kids are going to be transitioning from kindergarten to 1st grade soon, and need to get their mathematics basics covered. ![]() These worksheets were designed keeping in mind that the person using them will be 5 or 6 years old, which is the national standard. With the help of our worksheets, which were specially designed for kindergartners. As this will be a new concept for them, we will be helping them with one of the most important subjects in school Maths. During these changes they will need all the help they can get, especially with their subjects. As this is a stepping stone of their life, you will gradually see a lot of changes in them. It is a win-win in any situation.Kindergarten math worksheets - When students enter Kindergarten they are so excited and nervous at the same time. They are backed by a simple story, are colorful, involve more of Mental math, and also serve as a good change in kids' schedules. Good break from rote: The whole event of studying Math invokes boredom in kids because it basically involves the repetitive act of practising: they had done it in school and homework! These printable are refreshing.Practicing in stealth mode: These are modeled in such a way that it touches the basic Math lessons or topics in micro ways! This indirectly lets your child revise it without him even knowing it!.Building cordial relationships: As child psychology says, things done out of love are the things children ace at the fastest! Once children get a hang of solving these worksheets, they will eventually start loving the topic.We have created these Holiday-Theme based math worksheets for kids: Your child will enjoy working on holiday-themed work sheets and hone important math skills with these worksheets. The worksheets in this category all focus around the holidays. Holidays are a wonderful time to bring a little extra fun into your child’s learning. The stories talk about the helpers of our society, nature, animals, culture, places, etc., that make children connect more with what they see around them.ĭownload these fun math worksheets which are free. Life skills - These introduce life skills like kindness, helping others, helping the environment and more in a subtle way. We have made it colorful and attractive to keep children more engaged while solving. Stories help in easing problem-solving at elementary level.Ĭolorful - These are not just mere colorless printable. ![]() These stories are friendly and imaginative. Story - based - Each worksheet has a story behind the problem that help your child relate to it. We aim at reinforcing those skills through repetition. The skill is so specific that you will know exactly what your child is practicing and learning from it. What makes these math worksheets so different?įocused skill - Each printable has major focus on one skill at a time. ![]()
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![]() ![]() This is an elegant and beautiful typeface. It has a five-star rating and ranks globally as one of the best tattoo lettering fonts.Īre you looking for a fun and exciting tattoo font? Puerto is the best solution. This font is a good choice for designing tattoos and prints media such as signage, t-shirt branding, headlines, posters, etc. It is inspired by the Chicano street art and way of life to provide a bold, one-of-a-kind aesthetic. You can use of for making product labels, tattoos, and adverts, to mention a few.īattom Glory is a free typeface. Hevina is an excellent font for creating vintage and retro-themed designs. Hewina is an antique la tattoo lettering with Victorian-style letter design elements. Nonetheless, it has a good number of alternates. It comes with letters that have unique decorative designs and curves. Consequently, it is a fantastic ingredient to your designs. Rools Sling is a creative tattoo font that embeds a stylish feel and appearance. Remarkably, this font has many ligatures and hence provides a wide range of alternatives. Designers prefer it when creating old-school badges and labels. It has a blackletter typeface design and an ideal appearance for tattoo art-style projects. Aihet Script- Blackletter Tattoo Fontīlackletter lettering design is one of the most standard tattoo fonts. It has both lowercase and uppercase letters and applies to many languages.ĭownload 2. The font inculcates every aspect required to design modern headings and titles that appear urban. ![]() This is an up-to-date font that uses tattoo lettering. Stay on the page, please! We have compiled 35 of the best tattoo fonts for you. ![]() By large, your designs will get an authentic touch because they will appear handwritten. ![]() ![]() This high school resume template focuses on academic achievements while highlighting skills, professional experience, and career objectives to help students stand out from the crowd. There are plenty of scholarships out there, but the competition is fierce. You already know that college tuition is expensive. Instead, list any project that highlights your leadership qualities or relevant skills you’ve acquired along the way! Scholarship resume It’s alright if a high school office worker resume isn’t packed with noteworthy achievements. These tips and samples offer clear guidance on how to make a college application truly shine. ![]() The future is bright, which is why high school students need to focus on creating a college admissions resume that will really make an impression. This great, straightforward high school resume is perfect when applying for their first real job. Once students graduate, they’ll either be continuing their education or heading into the workforce (or both!). Should athletics be mentioned on a resume? If it’s relevant to the job or if a student was a stand-out athlete, gained leadership skills, or was recognized for their great attitude and/or outstanding abilities, this guide will show you how to include it. This great template will help you get started! Athlete resumeĭepending on the student, athletics can make up a huge part of their high school experience. One solid strategy is having numbers on your side. Writing a high school student sales resume can be challenging, especially if you have little professional experience. This resource provides tips and examples of how to list your achievements and abilities in a way to stand out above the competition. If you’ve ever worked as a camp counselor (or similar leadership role), you likely have a well-rounded set of skills. Hiring supervisors are aware of and anticipate the fact that you may not have much work experience as a high school student, but this template will help tailor your resume to the demands specified in the customer service job description. The important thing is that students’ work history includes customer service and interpersonal skills and the ability to take orders, prepare food, accept payments, keep a restaurant clean, and more. While this resume specifically highlights McDonald’s, it could easily be modified for any fast-food chain. Multiple work experience examples should be listed on an experienced high school student resume, so you might need to change the layout to make everything fit nicely. This sample offers guidance for creating a resume that sends the right message. Resume for a part-time jobįor students looking for a part-time job, their high school resume needs to reflect their availability. Trying to land a job with no work experience? No problem! This template offers an ideal resume for high school student applicants who are entering the workforce for the first time. Resume with no experience: first job examples This resource shares tips on how to make a great impression. These helpful resume templates and examples are perfect for high school students trying to land their first job or internship. Resume Examples for High School Students High school student resume templates and examples If your hobbies and/or interests are relevant to a job, include those as well. ![]() Include a “Skills” section and list computer skills, soft skills, or language skills.Share projects or gigs, including any internships.List any honors, awards, or other achievements.Mention extracurricular activities including clubs, sports, and volunteerism.When you don’t have years of work experience to showcase, what should you include on your resume? Here are some ways to put your best foot forward. What To Include on High School Students’ Resumes teens ages 16 to 19 held jobs, and by summer 2023, analysts predict “that the share of 16- to 19-year-olds working this season will rise to 33.6 percent, from 32.7 percent last year.” Use these templates, which are perfect for students applying f or jobs, college admissions, or scholarships, to edge out the competition! They need it!Īccording to a Pew Research Center analysis of data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, teens are experiencing the highest employment rate since 2008. ![]() That’s why we put together this list of resume examples for high school students. It’s not surprising, therefore, that it’s even harder for those with limited work experience. Many professionals struggle to write a strong resume, even after years in the workforce. ![]() ![]() To appeal to a broad audience, opt for a neutral design that avoids specific cultural, religious, or gender-related symbols. In this article, we will explore some effective strategies to create farewell cards that resonate with people from all walks of life. To ensure that your farewell cards have universal appeal, it is important to strike a balance between personalization and inclusivity. These cards hold the power to convey our deepest sentiments and leave a lasting impression. Additional Resourcesįarewell cards serve as a tangible representation of our heartfelt emotions and well wishes when bidding farewell to someone special. Yes, players have the flexibility to switch between views as per their preference. Can I toggle between the classic view and the full-screen mode? The core game remains true to the original, but with added features and challenges to keep players engaged. Are there any additional levels or challenges in this edition? Players can compete against each other in real-time, aiming for the highest score while navigating the Pacman maze. While the full-screen mode is a highlight, other enhancements include improved graphics, sound, and a multiplayer mode. Is the full-screen mode the only new feature? ![]() It’s available across various platforms including PC, consoles, and mobile devices. FAQs: What platforms support the 30th Anniversary Edition of Pacman? ![]() Whether you’re a retro enthusiast or a newbie looking for some classic fun, this edition promises a dose of nostalgia, excitement, and endless entertainment. To that, we say: Why even ask? The 30th Anniversary Edition of Pacman isn’t just a game it’s a full-screen trip down memory lane. With the 30th Anniversary Edition, multiplayer mode means more mayhem, more fun, and (let’s admit it) more opportunities to show off! Who said old games can’t keep up with the times? Challenge your friends, family, or even that coworker you’re trying to impress. It’s like getting back on a bike after years, only this time, the bike’s got some rad upgrades! Multiplayer Madness So why fix what isn’t broken, right? It’s the same game we loved but feels brand new with its full-screen prowess. Gameplay: As Classic As It GetsĪh, the thrill of the chase, gobbling pellets, and dodging ghosts! The gameplay remains untouched. But at its heart, the iconic ‘waka-waka’ remains, grounding us in that beloved retro realm. Remember those monotonous beeps? Well, they’ve been replaced! The new soundscape is both refreshing and familiar, like remixing your favorite 80s track. Read more: The Sound: From Beeps to Beats The colors pop more, the ghosts have cheekier expressions, and our beloved Pacman? He’s as ravenous as ever! It’s like watching an old black and white movie, but in Technicolor. While staying true to the original, this version is polished. ![]() Graphics: Vintage Vibes with a Modern Touch But, with the 30th Anniversary Edition, Pacman offers a full-screen fiesta, engulfing us in nostalgia, but with a modern twist. Now, imagine reliving that magic in full-screen glory! Why the Full-Screen Edition is a Game ChangerĮver tried reading a book with half the pages missing? Sounds frustrating, right? That’s how we felt with the old bordered gaming experience. Among those, Pacman stood as the unrivaled champion. Remember those days? The days when pixels were all the rage and simple games gave us endless entertainment. We’ve all been there – the soft hum of an arcade, the familiar chime of game music, and the thrill of chasing high scores.
![]() Below is a list of ideas or challenges they can put on the wooden tiles.Ĭome on a date, so it means if you take a shot, they have to take one too.Ĭreate your dare for someone you have a crush on. In the mild version, the players who are mostly couples first warm up a bit. Players have to fulfill the dare written on their wooden tile before placing it on the top of the tower.ĭrinking Strip Jenga game has three levels: mild, medium and spicy. The dares range from mild like taking a shot, to medium like a prank call, to spicy like strip a clothing item. So, in Drinking Jenga, the game is made more interesting by writing additional rules on the blocks. The rules are the same with some variation. As the name implies, this is an adult game. Among Jenga’s many variations is Drinking Jenga or Strip Jenga. Jenga is a great party game, for both adults and kids. The game ends when one of the players breaks the tower by pulling out the wrong Jenga block. The players must do it with one hand although there are variations where people use both hands, the traditional rule requires you to play using only one hand.ħ. These steps are then repeated by all the players involved in the game turn by turn.Ħ. The blocks are either put face down or to the left, resulting in a stable Jenga tower.ĥ. The player will continue the pattern of three parallel blocks on top of the topmost level. The next step is to stack that pulled out Jenga block on top of the already made tower.Ĥ. ![]() The trick is to successfully pull out a block without breaking or collapsing the tower.ģ. The player tries to slowly pull out a Jenga block from the tower. The player who builds the tower goes first. Once the tower is standing upright, the game begins. ![]() The player then repeats these steps alternatively to make a stable tower of Jenga. The next step is to stack three more blocks on them but facing left so that the blocks are at 90 degrees to the previous parallel layer of blocks. The first layer of blocks will be facing down. The player puts down three blocks in a line side by side. The game starts with the set up when one of the players starts creating the tower. With three blocks in each layer, the standard Jenga tower stands 18 blocks high. One of the players takes the blocks, lays them flat on a floor, table, play mat or any other surface and then starts making a tower out of the blocks. Now all you need is a box of Jenga blocks and you are ready to roll.Ī standard Jenga board game has 54 blocks that you require to set up the game. One variation is the Strip Jenga that has become a drinking game at parties. ![]() The game can be modified according to the situation and kind of people involved to make it playable and fun. There are no restrictions and people of all ages and genders can play this game. This game can be played with even just two players. Once the tower is built, the game continues with players having to take out Jenga blocks from the bottom levels with only one hand and placing it on the topmost level, making sure the tower stays put. The game involves stacking the blocks of Jenga in such a way that the tower does not topple over. Strip Jenga is a block game of building a Jenga tower with two players, at least. This game is quite tricky when one starts playing it and realizes how much attention to detail the game requires, as the trick is to place the blocks in such a way that the tower does not fall. Is an intriguing game of blocks which combines both physical finesse and mental skills to make a tower of 54 blocks. ![]() ![]() ![]() Notably, movement 7 is the best any of those teams can put on the board and only Undead can field more than two of those players. With the exception of Necro, they are also all slow bash teams where the poor speed of the Black Orc team is less of a liability.īlack Orcs did post healthy win rates (45-50%) against seven further teams: Chaos Dwarves (48.8), Imperial Nobility (48.3%), Vampires (48.1%), Goblins (48.1%), Norse (47.6%), Undead (46.6%) and Renegades (45.7%). Necro has the best global win rate of those teams at 49.9%, followed by Khorne at 47.8%. ![]() As stated in previous posts, those aren’t exactly high performing teams in 2022. They only managed positive records against three other teams Chaos Chosen (52.3%), Ogres (51.5%) and Necro (50.4%). They had >55% win rates against Nurgle (62.5%) and Khorne (57.1%). What we are looking at is consistency and ability to regularly compete with other teams, particularly amongst average coaches.īlack Orcs didn’t regularly take the scalp of any strong teams in 2022. Like any team, well coached, they can beat anyone on their day. The short answer to that is of course yes. They have all of the weaknesses of Lizards with no speed to make up for it. The team has never inspired me to play them. However, I think I had one practice game with them just after the new edition came out. The models are great and I have a soft spot for a bit of greenskin (I had a Warhammer fantasy army of Orcs and Goblins back in the day). What’s my bias? I have a fully painted Black Orc team. How bad? I take a deep dive below into their performances in 2022 looking at matchups, top coaches and Eurobowl 2022. Their global 43.1% win rate in 2022 is truly bad. In my look at the global tournament numbers for 2022 in a previous post, I singled out Black Orcs for some special treatment. ![]() ![]() ![]() Your health care provider will monitor your blood pressure and recommend steps to lower it if it's too high. High blood pressure can worsen these problems and may cause memory loss. People with MCI tend to be more likely to have problems with the blood vessels inside their brains. Conditions that can affect memory include: Treating these conditions can help improve your memory and overall mental function. Other common conditions besides MCI can make you feel forgetful or less mentally sharp than usual. Treating reversible causes of MCI: Other conditions Proton pump inhibitors, often used to treat reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).Antihistamines, often used to manage allergy symptoms.Anticholinergics, which affect chemicals in the nervous system to treat many different types of conditions.Benzodiazepines, used to treat conditions such as anxiety, seizures and sleep disturbances.Discuss any side effects with your health care provider and never stop taking your medicine unless your provider tells you to do so. These side effects are thought to go away once the medicine is stopped. ![]() Treating reversible causes of MCI: Stopping certain medicinesĬertain medicines can cause side effects that affect thinking. Another study is looking at how effective the medicine may be for people at risk of Alzheimer's disease, including people who have a first-degree relative, such as a parent or sibling, with the disease. This study was the largest so far to look at whether clearing clumps of amyloid plaques from the brain can slow the disease. ![]() Lecanemab works by preventing amyloid plaques in the brain from clumping. Not all people with MCI are expected to be eligible for the treatment, since only some have MCI due to Alzheimer's disease.Ī phase 3 clinical trial found that the medicine slowed cognitive decline in people with early Alzheimer's disease by 27%. However, the medicine has not been widely used because studies about its effectiveness at slowing cognitive decline were mixed and coverage is limited.Īnother Alzheimer's medicine, lecanemab, has shown promise for people with mild Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease. This medicine was approved in the United States because it removes amyloid plaques in the brain. The medicine was studied in people living with early Alzheimer's disease, including people with MCI due to Alzheimer's disease. In 2021, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved aducanumab (Aduhelm) for the treatment of some cases of Alzheimer's disease. They haven't been found to affect progression to dementia, and they can cause side effects. However, cholinesterase inhibitors aren't recommended for routine treatment of MCI. The Alzheimer's medicine called cholinesterase inhibitors is sometimes given to people with MCI whose main symptom is memory loss. Clinical studies are being conducted to better understand the disorder and find treatments that may improve symptoms or prevent or delay dementia. Mild cognitive impairment is an active area of research. These tests also may help identify patterns of change that offer clues about the cause of symptoms. Longer forms of tests can provide details about how someone's mental function compares with others of a similar age and education. The test will ask to name the date and follow written instructions. Short forms of mental status testing can be done in about 10 minutes. Brain imagingĪn MRI or CT scan can check for a brain tumor, stroke or bleeding. This can include not enough vitamin B-12 or thyroid hormone. These tests can help detect signs of Parkinson's disease, strokes, tumors or other medical conditions that can impair memory and physical function.īlood tests can help rule out physical problems that may affect memory. The problems aren't severe enough to be diagnosed as Alzheimer's disease dementia or another type of dementia.Īs part of a physical exam, a health care provider may perform some basic tests that can reveal how well the brain and nervous system are working. The tests also may reveal the types of memory most affected and whether other mental skills also are impaired. More detailed testing may help determine the degree memory is impaired. Health care providers often use a brief test such as the Short Test of Mental Status, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) or the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE).
![]() The O negative blood type diet emphasizes whole, nutrient-dense foods and # Can the O negative blood type diet improve overall health? Registered dietitian to determine if any supplements are necessary for your It's best to consult with a healthcare professional or Supplement recommendations may vary depending on individual needs andĭeficiencies. # Are there any supplements recommended for O negative blood type individuals? It's important to combine a healthyĭiet with regular physical activity for optimal weight management. This can potentially support weight lossĮfforts, but individual results may vary. The O negative blood type diet focuses on whole, unprocessed foods and limits # Can the O negative blood type diet help with weight loss? It's always best toĬonsult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice. While there is limited scientific research specifically on the O negativeīlood type diet, the concept of blood type diets is based on the theory thatĭifferent blood types have different nutritional needs. # Is the O negative blood type diet backed by scientific evidence? Book an appointment with Medical HealthĪuthority today and take the first step towards a healthier you! Frequently Asked Questions 1. Professionals can provide you with the guidance and support you need to Statcare is a leading digital health platform that offersĬomprehensive healthcare solutions. Recommendations tailored to your specific blood type, health goals, and Consulting with a healthcare professional, such as theĮxperts at Statcare, can help you get personalized diet Important to remember that everyone is unique and may have individual dietary While the O negative blood type diet provides general guidelines, it's * Highly acidic foods: Citrus fruits, tomatoes, and vinegar.Ĭonsult with Statcare for Personalized Diet Recommendations * Processed foods: Fast food, packaged snacks, and sugary drinks. * Wheat products: Bread, pasta, and cereals. * Healthy fats: Olive oil, avocados, and nuts.įoods to Avoid for O Negative Blood Type * Dairy products: Milk, cheese, and yogurt. * Whole grains: Quinoa, brown rice, and oats. ![]() * Vegetables: Leafy greens, broccoli, kale, and Brussels sprouts. * Fruits: Berries, cherries, plums, and prunes. Recommended Foods for O Negative Blood Type * Lean proteins: Chicken, turkey, fish, and lean cuts of beef. May be harmful or cause adverse reactions. The O negative blood type diet focuses on consuming foods that are believed toīe beneficial for individuals with this blood type, while avoiding foods that ![]() ![]() * Individuals with O negative blood type have a higher risk of developing certain health conditions, such as ulcers, thyroid issues, and certain types of cancer. * People with O negative blood type are considered universal donors, as their blood can be given to individuals with any blood type. Characteristics of O Negative Blood Type * O negative blood type is the most common blood type among the population. ![]() The O negative blood type, in particular, isĪssociated with certain characteristics and health risks that can be Research has shown that individuals with different blood types may haveĭifferent nutritional needs. Why is the O Negative Blood Type Diet Important? While there is no one-size-fits-allĪpproach to nutrition, understanding the dietary recommendations for yourīlood type can help you optimize your health and well-being. Are you an O negative blood type? If so, you may be wondering what the bestĭiet is for your specific blood type. ![]() ![]() Each card has a numerical cost (which can be zero). Īn innovative mechanic called the twilight pool is used as a costing mechanism for cards. The game is won by the first Free Peoples player to survive to the ninth, and final, site or the last player whose Fellowship is left alive or when you corrupt the opposing fellowships ring-bearer. At the end of each turn the position of Free Peoples player rotates to the next player in turn. Each of his or her opponents, the Shadow Players, use their Shadow cards to prevent this by attempting to kill or corrupt the ring-bearer, or by forcing the Fellowship to slow down long enough for their Fellowship to race to victory. A player uses his Free Peoples cards to attempt to traverse the site-path and destroy the One Ring by reaching the ninth site. On a player's turn they are considered to be the Free Peoples player and their Fellowship and Free Peoples cards both in their Support Area and on their characters are active. The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game is a game for two or more players, each of who uses his or her own deck consisting of equal numbers of Free Peoples and Shadow cards, with a minimum of 30 of each. However, since the game's print run has ended, sales for online cards have been stopped and the servers closed in June 2010. The game also had an online version that maintained identical gameplay as well as a market economy. Decipher's license to The Lord of the Rings expired on July 30, 2007, after which all official promotion and distribution of the game stopped. ![]() In 2002, LOTR TCG won the Origins Awards for Best Trading Card Game of 2001 and Best Graphic Presentation of a Card Game 2001. ![]() In addition to images taken from the films, in 2004 Weta Workshop produced artwork depicting characters and items from the novel absent from the films for use on cards. Decipher also had the rights to The Hobbit novel but did not release any cards based on it. Tolkien novel on which the films were based. Released November 2001, it is based on Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy and the J. LOTR TCG) is an out-of-print collectible card game produced by Decipher, Inc. The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game (a.k.a. Mike Reynolds, Chuck Kallenbach II, Tom Lischke, and Joe Alread ![]() ![]() The limitations of McCree’s action spectrum were explained in his original paper: the quantum yield was measured under low photosynthetic photon flux density ( PPFD), using narrow waveband light, and expressed on an incident light basis ( McCree, 1971), but these limitations are sometimes ignored. The misconception that red and blue light are used more efficiently by plants than green light still occasionally appears ( Singh et al., 2015), often citing McCree’s action spectrum or the poor absorption of green light by chlorophyll extracts. Blue and red photons, therefore, may be used less efficiently and are more likely to be dissipated as heat than green photons. Absorption of photons by chloroplasts near the adaxial surface may induce heat dissipation of excess excitation energy in those chloroplasts, while chloroplasts deeper into the leaf receive little excitation energy ( Sun et al., 1998 Nishio, 2000). Leaf photosynthesis may benefit from the more uniform light distribution throughout a leaf under green light. Since red and blue light are absorbed more strongly by photosynthetic pigments than green light, they are predominantly absorbed by the top few cell layers, while green light can penetrate deeper into leaf tissues ( Nishio, 2000 Vogelmann and Evans, 2002 Terashima et al., 2009 Brodersen and Vogelmann, 2010), thus giving it the potential to excite photosystems in deeper cell layers. Green light is least absorbed by green leaves, which gives leaves their green appearance ( McCree, 1971 Zhen et al., 2019). Within the visible spectrum, green leaves have the highest absorptance in the blue region, followed by red. The low absorptance of green light is partly responsible for its low quantum yield of CO 2 assimilation. Light in the green region (500–600 nm) generally resulted in a slightly higher quantum yield than light in the blue region (400–500 nm) ( Figure 1 McCree, 1971). Within the 400–700 nm range, McCree (1971) showed that light in the red region (600–700 nm) resulted in the highest quantum yield of CO 2 assimilation of plants. Light with a wavelength shorter than 400 nm or longer than 700 nm was considered as unimportant for photosynthesis, due to its low quantum yield of CO 2 assimilation, when applied as a single waveband ( Figure 1). Based on McCree’s work ( McCree, 1971, 1972), photosynthetically active radiation is typically defined as light with a wavelength range from 400 to 700 nm. The photosynthetic activity of light is wavelength dependent. Contrary, at high PPFD, QY inc under green light was among the highest, likely resulting from more uniform distribution of green light in leaves. In summary, at low PPFD, green light had the lowest photosynthetic efficiency because of its low absorptance. ![]() No interaction between the three colors of light was detected. A g and J under different spectra were positively correlated, suggesting that the interactive effect between light spectrum and PPFD on photosynthesis was due to effects on J. V c,max may not limit photosynthesis at a PPFD of 200 μmol m –2 s –1 and was largely unaffected by light spectrum at 1,000 μmol⋅m –2⋅s –1. At high PPFD, the QY inc and J under red and green light were similar, and higher than under blue light, confirming our hypothesis. Factoring in light absorption, QY m,abs (the maximum QY on absorbed PPFD basis) under green and red light were both higher than under blue light, indicating that the low QY m,inc under green light was due to lower absorptance, while absorbed blue photons were used inherently least efficiently. Both QY m,inc (maximum QY on incident PPFD basis) and J at low PPFD were higher under red light than under blue and green light. The electron transport rates ( J) and the maximum Rubisco carboxylation rate ( V c,max) at low (200 μmol⋅m –2⋅s –1) and high PPFD (1,000 μmol⋅m –2⋅s –1) were estimated from photosynthetic CO 2 response curves. To test the interactive effects of PPFD and light spectrum on photosynthesis, we measured leaf A n of “Green Tower” lettuce ( Lactuca sativa) under red, blue, and green light, and combinations of those at PPFDs from 30 to 1,300 μmol⋅m –2⋅s –1. We hypothesized that, at high photosynthetic photon flux density ( PPFD), green light may achieve higher QY and net CO 2 assimilation rate ( A n) than red or blue light, because of its more uniform absorption throughtout leaves. ![]() ![]() However, because of its lower absorptance, green light can penetrate deeper and excite chlorophyll deeper in leaves. Red and blue light are traditionally believed to have a higher quantum yield of CO 2 assimilation ( QY, moles of CO 2 assimilated per mole of photons) than green light, because green light is absorbed less efficiently. |
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